# TAOCP reading order and study plan

> Which TAOCP volume to read first, what order to read the sections in, what to skim, and a week-by-week plan from Volume 1 to Volume 4B.

Read The Art of Computer Programming **in volume order, 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B**, and within each volume in section order. Each volume leans on the math and data structures before it. The only common exception is reading Volume 3 before Volume 2, which works if you have done Volume 1 properly.

## Why Volume 1 first, always

Volume 1, Fundamental Algorithms, holds the two things every later volume assumes: §1.2, the mathematical toolkit (sums, binomial coefficients, harmonic numbers, generating functions, asymptotics), and §1.3, the [MIX](https://cracked.guide/glossary/mix) computer that the programs in Volumes 2 and 3 are written for. Chapter 2 then builds the lists, trees and storage allocation that Volume 3 sorts and searches. Starting anywhere else means learning these on the fly.

## The volumes in order

| Volume | What it covers | On the path | Hours planned |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Vol 1: Fundamental Algorithms](https://cracked.guide/taocp/volume-1) | Math preliminaries, MIX, lists, trees, garbage collection, allocation | weeks 29 to 63 | about 240 |
| [Vol 2: Seminumerical Algorithms](https://cracked.guide/taocp/volume-2) | Random numbers and their tests, floating point, bignums, gcd, factoring, polynomials | weeks 64 to 89 | about 200 |
| [Vol 3: Sorting and Searching](https://cracked.guide/taocp/volume-3) | Permutations, every classic sort, sorting networks, external sorting, search trees, hashing | weeks 90 to 117 | about 220 |
| [Vol 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1](https://cracked.guide/taocp/volume-4a) | Boolean functions, bit tricks, BDDs, generating tuples, permutations, combinations, partitions, trees | weeks 118 to 133 | about 120 |
| [Vol 4B: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 2](https://cracked.guide/taocp/volume-4b) | Backtracking, dancing links, satisfiability | weeks 134 to 145 | about 90 |

The hours are the sum of the time budgets in the cracked.guide reading guides for each section. Volume 4A and 4B have fewer hours because the path reads selected sections of those huge volumes, not every page.

## Volume 3 before Volume 2?

It is a reasonable swap if you care about data structures more than numerics, and Volume 3 is the most directly practical volume. Volume 3 uses Volume 1's math heavily and Volume 2 only lightly (random permutations, some number theory in hashing). The cracked.guide path keeps the printed order because Volume 2's chapter 3, on random numbers, is where the probability you need for Volume 3's average-case analysis gets practice.

## Within a volume

Go in section order. Knuth builds forward constantly; an exercise in 2.3.4 assumes 2.3.1 to 2.3.3. Long sections are split across two or three weeks on the path (for example [1.2.6 Binomial Coefficients](https://cracked.guide/guide/knuth-w022-0) and [6.4 Hashing](https://cracked.guide/guide/knuth-w097-0)), and each volume ends with a review week for the exercises you skipped.

What to skim on a first pass: the history sections, the tape-sorting sections in 5.4, and the HM-heavy parts of 3.3.3, 4.5.3 and 4.6.2. See [how to read TAOCP](https://cracked.guide/learn/how-to-read-taocp) for what never to skip.

## Before Volume 1

Knuth assumes you can program. If you are not fluent yet, build something substantial first. The cracked.guide path spends weeks 1 to 28 on [Crafting Interpreters](https://cracked.guide/crafting-interpreters) for exactly this reason: two interpreters in Java and C give you the programming muscle, and ideas like garbage collection and hash tables show up again in Knuth with the math attached. Generate your own dated version of the whole sequence with the [study plan generator](https://cracked.guide/plan).

## Questions

### Which TAOCP volume should I read first?

Volume 1, Fundamental Algorithms. Every later volume assumes its math (section 1.2) and its MIX computer (section 1.3).

### Can I start with Volume 3?

Only if you already know the Volume 1 math well. Otherwise the analyses in Volume 3 will not make sense.

### Do I need Volume 4A before 4B?

Yes, mostly. 4B's backtracking and satisfiability sections build on 7.1 (Boolean functions) and 7.2.1 (generating combinatorial objects) from 4A.

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Source: https://cracked.guide/learn/taocp-reading-order
cracked.guide: A free, dated 145-week path to getting genuinely cracked at programming.